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An oil drilling rig is a large-scale mechanical equipment used in oil and gas drilling operations. Its main function is to drive drilling tools to break underground rocks and drill wellbores, providing channels for subsequent exploitation and thereby realizing the exploration and development of oil and gas resources. Its core functions include hoisting and lowering drilling tools, rotary drilling, and circulating well cleaning. It is mainly composed of power machines, transmission mechanisms, working machines, and auxiliary equipment. Classified by operation scenarios, it can be divided into onshore oil drilling rigs and offshore oil drilling rigs, which are key infrastructure for ensuring global oil and gas supply. Core Component Systems A drilling rig consists of eight major systems: the hoisting system controls the lifting and lowering of drilling tools via drawworks and pulley blocks; the rotary system drives the drill bit to break rock formations; the circulation system uses high-pressure mud to remove cuttings; the power and transmission system provides power distribution; the control system coordinates equipment operation; the derrick and substructure provide support; and auxiliary equipment includes safety devices such as blowout preventers (BOP). Core components include the derrick, crown block, rotary table, and various types of drill bits. Top drive drilling rigs adopt top drive (power swivel) technology, which improves drilling efficiency and is suitable for deep well operations. During operation, mud pumps circulate mud to cool the drill bit, and braking mechanisms adjust drilling parameters. Ⅰ. Hoisting System The hoisting system is equipped to hoist and lower drilling tools, run casing, control weight on bit (WOB), and feed drilling tools. It includes the drawworks, auxiliary brakes, crown block, traveling block, hook, wire rope, and various tools such as elevator links, elevators, tongs, and slips. When hoisting, the drawworks drum winds the wire rope; the crown block and traveling block form a secondary pulley system. The hook rises to lift the drilling tools through tools like elevator links and elevators. When lowering, the drilling tools or casing string descends by its own weight, and the lowering speed of the hook is controlled by the drawworks' braking mechanism and auxiliary brakes. During normal drilling, the feed speed of the drilling tools is controlled by the braking mechanism, and a portion of the drilling tool weight is applied to the drill bit as WOB to break rock formations. Ⅱ. Rotary System The rotary system is a typical system of a rotary table drilling rig, whose role is to drive the drilling tools to rotate for breaking rock formations. It includes the rotary table, swivel, and drilling tools. The composition of drilling tools varies depending on the type of well being drilled; generally, it includes the kelly, drill pipe, drill collars, and drill bit, as well as stabilizers, shock absorbers, and adapter subs. Among them, the drill bit is the tool that directly breaks rock. Drill collars have high weight and wall thickness, used to apply WOB to the drill bit. Drill pipes connect surface equipment and downhole equipment and transmit torque. The kelly typically has a square cross-section; the rotary table drives the entire drill string and drill bit to rotate via the kelly. The swivel is a typical component of a rotary drilling rig: it not only bears the weight of the drilling tools but also enables rotational movement, while providing a channel for high-pressure mud. Ⅲ. Circulation System The rotary drilling rig is equipped with a circulation system to promptly carry cuttings broken by the downhole drill bit to the surface for continuous drilling, while cooling the drill bit, protecting the wellbore, and preventing drilling accidents such as wellbore collapse and lost circulation. The circulation system includes mud pumps, surface manifolds, mud tanks, and mud purification equipment. The surface manifolds include high-pressure manifolds, standpipes, and hose lines; the mud purification equipment includes shale shakers, desanders, desilters, and drilling mud centrifuges. The mud pump suctions mud from the mud tank; the mud, after being pressurized by the mud pump, flows through the high-pressure manifold, standpipe, and hose line, enters the swivel, and is lowered to the bottom of the well through the hollow drilling tools. It is ejected from the nozzles of the drill bit, then carries cuttings back to the surface through the annular space between the wellbore and the drilling tools. The mud returned from the bottom of the well passes through various levels of mud purification equipment to remove solid content, and then is reused. Ⅳ. Power Equipment The hoisting system, circulation system, and rotary system are the three major working units of the drilling rig, used to provide power. Their coordinated operation enables drilling operations. To supply power to these working units, the drilling rig needs to be equipped with power equipment. The power equipment of a drilling rig includes diesel engines, AC motors, and DC motors. Ⅴ. Transmission System The transmission system converts the force and motion provided by the power equipment, then transmits and distributes them to each working unit to meet the different power requirements of each unit. The transmission system generally includes a reduction mechanism, speed change mechanism, forward/reverse mechanism, and a coupling mechanism between multiple power machines. Ⅵ. Control System To ensure the coordinated operation of the three major working units of the drilling rig and meet the requirements of drilling technology, the drilling rig is equipped with a control system. Control methods include mechanical control, pneumatic control, electrical control, and hydraulic control. The commonly used control method on drilling rigs is centralized pneumatic control. The driller can complete almost all drilling rig controls through the driller's console on the rig, such as engaging/disengaging the main clutch; coupling multiple power machines; starting/stopping the drawworks, rotary table, and mud pumps; and controlling the high/low speed of the drawworks. Ⅶ. Derrick and Substructure The derrick and substructure are used to support and install various drilling equipment and tools, and provide a drilling operation site. The derrick is used to install the crown block, suspend the traveling block, hook, swivel, and drilling tools, bear drilling workloads, and stack stands. The substructure is used to install the power unit, drawworks, and rotary table, support the derrick, suspend the drilling tools via the rotary table, and provide height space between the rotary table and the ground for installing necessary BOPs and facilitating mud circulation. Ⅷ. Auxiliary Equipment To ensure the safety and normal progress of drilling, the drilling rig also includes other auxiliary equipment, such as a BOP stack for preventing blowouts, a generator set for providing lighting and auxiliary power for drilling, an air compression device for supplying compressed air, and water supply and oil supply equipment.  

A workover rig is a specialized equipment in the oil and gas industry used for maintenance, repair, stimulation, and fishing operations of oil and gas wells. It is a key asset for ensuring the normal production of oil and gas wells and extending the lifespan of wellbores. It can perform various downhole operations on commissioned wells, such as replacing downhole strings, repairing wellbore structures, handling downhole faults, and implementing stimulation measures like acidizing and fracturing. Ⅰ. Main Functions and Principles Main Functions 1.Workover Operations Handling stuck pipes and fallen objects: Forcibly pulling out stuck strings through the hoisting system, or using the rotary table to drive fishing tools (such as fishing spears and overshots) to retrieve downhole fallen objects (e.g., broken rods, rocks). Replacing downhole equipment: Pulling out old tubing, sucker rods, and oil well pumps, and running in new equipment to restore the production capacity of the well. Casing repair: Patching, shaping, or reinforcing damaged casings to prevent wellbore collapse. 2.Stimulation Operations Assisting in acidizing and fracturing: Running fracturing strings up and down, connecting surface fracturing equipment, and injecting fracturing fluids into the formation to enhance production. Well cleaning and paraffin removal: Removing paraffin, scaling, or sediment from well walls through circulating hot water or chemical agents to improve oil flow channels. 3.Completion Operations Assisting in cementing, running production strings, and other completion processes after the drilling of new wells. 4.Fishing Operations Retrieving broken tools and strings in the well to restore wellbore integrity. Main Principles The core working logic of a workover rig is to drive mechanisms such as the drawworks and rotary table through the power system, utilizing the lifting capacity of the derrick and the rotational capacity of the rotary table to complete operations like tripping downhole strings and handling faults: 1.Tripping strings: The drawworks winds the wire rope, which, through the crown block sheave (usually 3-5 sheaves) composed of the crown block and traveling block, converts power into lifting force to suspend and hoist tubing, sucker rods, etc. When lowering, the speed is controlled by the braking system to ensure stable operation. 2.Rotational operations: The rotary table drives downhole drilling tools or casings to rotate through gear transmission, enabling operations such as casing milling and grinding (e.g., back-off and cutting when handling stuck pipes). 3.Auxiliary operations: Adjusting the derrick angle and extending outriggers through the hydraulic system to ensure the equipment is aligned with the wellhead; safety devices like blowout preventers (BOPs) control the risk of well kicks and blowouts during operations. Ⅱ. Basic Components A workover rig typically consists of the following core components: Substructure Mostly specialized heavy-duty truck substructures or crawler substructures, providing mobility and operational support.The substructure must have sufficient load-bearing capacity and stability; some models are equipped with hydraulic outriggers, which are deployed during operations to distribute weight and prevent tipping. Derrick Used to suspend and hoist downhole tools and strings, with a certain load-bearing capacity and height. 1.Main structure (derrick frame) Material: Mostly high-strength low-alloy steel (e.g., Q345, Q460), formed into a truss structure through welding or bolting, balancing light weight and high strength. Structure type: Mainly "quadrangular pyramid" or "portal" trusses, composed of columns, cross braces, and diagonal braces to form a stable spatial framework. Columns are the main load-bearing components, while cross braces and diagonal braces enhance overall rigidity to prevent deformation. 2.Crown block platform  Located at the top of the derrick, used to install the crown block and equipped with anti-collision devices, guardrails, and other safety facilities. The crown block consists of multiple sheaves, connected to the drawworks and traveling block via wire ropes to transmit force and change direction, serving as a key node in the hoisting system. 3.Derrick Substructure A supporting structure connecting the derrick to the workover rig substructure (or ground), used to raise the height of the derrick base and reserve space for wellhead operations (e.g., BOP installation, string connection). Some bases are telescopic or foldable to reduce height during transportation and expand to enhance stability during operations. 4.Guy line system For self-supporting derricks (non-tower type), multiple sets of guy lines (steel cables) are required to anchor the top of the derrick to the ground, balancing horizontal loads on the derrick to prevent tipping. One end of the guy line is connected to the lifting lug at the top of the derrick, and the other end is fixed to the ground anchor. The tension is adjusted via turnbuckles to ensure the derrick is vertically stable. 5.Erecting mechanism Used to raise and lower the derrick, usually driven by hydraulic cylinders, drawworks wire ropes, or chains. The lifting process requires strict control of speed and angle to avoid excessive stress-induced deformation of the derrick. 6.Safety accessories Crown block collision preventer: Automatically triggers drawworks braking when the traveling block rises close to the crown block, preventing "crown block collision" accidents. Ladders and guardrails: Safety channels for personnel to climb the derrick and operate on the monkey board, ensuring safety during high-altitude operations. Anti-slip pedals: Installed on the surfaces of platforms such as the monkey board and crown block platform to prevent personnel from slipping. Ⅲ. Classification According to mobility and operation scenarios, workover rigs can be classified into: Truck-mounted workover rigs: The most common type, mounted on heavy-duty truck substructures, with strong mobility, suitable for conventional onshore well operations. Crawler-mounted workover rigs: Adopting crawler substructures with low ground pressure, suitable for complex terrains such as muddy areas and mountainous regions. Skid-mounted workover rigs: Equipment disassembled into multiple skids, transported by trailers, and assembled on-site, suitable for fixed well sites or large-scale workover operations. Offshore workover rigs: Installed on drilling platforms or workover vessels, adapted to offshore oil and gas well operations, with corrosion resistance and wind-wave resistance. According to power and load capacity: Small workover rigs: Rated load < 300kN, used for simple maintenance of shallow wells (< 1000 meters), water wells, or low-yield oil wells. Medium workover rigs: Rated load 300-500kN, suitable for conventional workover operations of medium-deep wells (1000-3000 meters). Large workover rigs: Rated load > 500kN, used for deep wells (> 3000 meters) or complex wells (e.g., horizontal wells, high-pressure wells), capable of handling high-load and high-risk operations. Ⅳ. Industry Standards The design, manufacturing, and use of workover rigs must comply with relevant industry standards, such as China's SY/T (Oil and Gas Industry Standards) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) standards, to ensure their safety, reliability, and operational efficiency. In oil and gas field development, workover rigs complement drilling rigs: drilling rigs are responsible for "drilling wells," while workover rigs are responsible for "maintaining wells," jointly ensuring the efficient extraction of oil and gas resources.

Truck or trailer mounted drilling rigs are mobile drilling equipments designed for shallow to medium-deep wells. With power systems, winches, derricks, traveling systems, and transmission mechanisms integrated onto self-propelled or towed chassis, these rigs significantly enhance operational efficiency. They cover drilling depths from 1,000 to 4,000 meters, with maximum static loads ranging from 900 to 2,250 kN, featuring high load capacity, reliable performance, excellent cross-country mobility, and convenient transportation. I. Core Classifications and Structural Features Based on mounting methods, they are divided into truck-mounted and trailer-mounted rigs, differing in structure, power, and application scenarios: 1.Truck-Mounted Drilling Rig The rig is directly integrated onto a truck chassis, enabling autonomous driving. Key Structures: Chassis: Special off-road chassis with long wheelbase and high load capacity (typically 20-50 tons), suitable for muddy, hilly terrains. Power System:The chassis diesel engine drives both vehicle movement and drilling operations (e.g., rotary table rotation, mud pump) via a transfer case or hydraulic system.High-end models may have independent generator sets for complex power demands. Mast (Derrick): Hydraulic vertical type, foldable or telescopic (10-30 meters tall), for hoisting drill strings. Rotary Table/Top Drive: Drives drill pipe rotation; rotary tables suit medium-shallow holes, while top drives (e.g., in oil rigs) excel in deep and directional drilling. Mud Circulation System: Integrates mud pumps and tanks for cooling bits and carrying cuttings. Features: High Mobility: Road speed up to 50-80 km/h, allowing direct relocation without disassembly (ideal for emergency water well drilling). Compact Integration: One-piece design reduces footprint, suitable for narrow sites (e.g., urban pipeline inspection). Limitation: Chassis load limits the drilling depth (up to 3,000 meters in oil fields, typically in the range of hundreds of meters in engineering projects). 2.Trailer-Mounted Drilling Rig The rig is mounted on a dedicated trailer, towed by a truck or tractor, available in semi-trailer or full-trailer types. Key Structures: Semi-trailer: Articulated with the tractor for flexible steering, suitable for long-distance transport. Full-trailer: Independent, towed by a hitch, stable for heavy equipment. Power System:Most have independent diesel engines or hydraulic power stations, operating autonomously without external power. Drilling Module:Larger masts with hydraulic telescoping or multi-angle tilting for directional drilling (e.g., horizontal wells).Optional high-end accessories like casing driving units and Measurement While Drilling (MWD) systems. Features: Heavy Load Capacity: Supports deep drilling (up to 5,000+ m for oil rigs, 2,000 m for geological rigs). Flexibility: Trailer detaches from the tractor for independent operation at fixed sites. Transport Requirement: Needs specialized tractors; masts may require disassembly for relocation (some high-end models allow integral transport). II. Core Technologies and Functional Configurations Despite structural differences, both types share key technical requirements: 1.Power and Transmission Systems Power Types: Diesel Engines: 200-2,000 hp, suitable for off-grid environments. Electric Drives: Used in urban rigs for low noise and zero emissions. Transmission Methods: Mechanical Transmission: Reliable, low maintenance via chains/gears. Hydraulic Transmission: Smooth operation, stepless speed regulation for precise control (e.g., directional drilling). 2. Drilling Process Adaptability Drilling Methods: Rotary Drilling: For conventional holes in soil/rock (e.g., PDC bit + drill pipe). Impact-Rotary Drilling: For hard formations (e.g., downhole hammer + roller cone bit). Auger Drilling: No circulation medium, ideal for shallow dry holes (e.g., soil sampling). Casing Technologies: Casing While Drilling: Simultaneously drills and cements to prevent cave-ins (e.g., in quicksand layers). Casing Rotation/Impact Units: Solves deep casing running challenges. 3. Intelligent and Safety Configurations Automation Systems: Hydraulic automatic tongs reduce manual labor. Drill string weight auto-compensation prevents sticking or fracture. Safety Devices: Crown-o-matic prevents drill string collision with the mast top. Emergency braking systems for sudden failures (e.g., engine runaway). Environmental Design: Mud recovery tanks minimize waste discharge. Noise enclosures limit urban operation noise below 85 dB. III. Key Selection Factors Drilling Depth and Formation: Shallow (<500 m) or soft formations: Prioritize truck-mounted rigs (e.g., hydraulic core drills). Deep (>1,000 m) or hard formations (e.g., granite): Require trailer-mounted rigs with high-power power heads. Mobility Needs: Frequent relocations (e.g., geological surveys): Truck-mounted rigs are more efficient. Long-term fixed-site operations (e.g., oilfield development): Trailer-mounted rigs offer better cost-effectiveness. Cost and Maintenance: Truck-mounted: Lower initial cost (typically ¥1-5 million), simple maintenance. Trailer-mounted: Expensive (up to tens of millions for oil rigs), requires professional maintenance teams. Ⅳ.Conclusion Truck-mounted and trailer-mounted rigs address the relocation challenges of traditional fixed rigs through "mobile platform and drilling module" integration, becoming the mainstay of modern drilling. Selection should consider depth, terrain, environmental requirements, and budget. In the future, intelligence and green technology will be key development directions.