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The control system of a drilling rig is the core command unit of the entire drilling equipment. It is responsible for integrating, transmitting commands, and regulating the coordinated operation of various components. Without it, the power, transmission, and execution systems of the drilling rig cannot work in an orderly manner, making it an indispensable part. Classified by control methods, it mainly includes mechanical control, pneumatic control, hydraulic control, electric control, and integrated control. Among these, pneumatic control has become the most widely used type due to its advantages of high reliability and adaptability to harsh environments, and its core consists of four major mechanisms: "air supply-command issuance-command transmission-execution". Ⅰ. Core Classifications of Control Systems 1. Mechanical Control Mechanical control is the most traditional control method. It directly transmits operating commands through mechanical components such as levers, gears, and wire ropes, featuring the simplest structure and the lowest cost. Core Principle: Operators manually operate mechanical handles to directly drive transmission components, thereby changing the actions of the execution mechanism (e.g., drawworks braking, rotary table start/stop). Applicable Scenarios: Simple control of small workover rigs and old drilling rigs, only suitable for operations with low load and low precision requirements. Limitations: Low control precision (e.g., large drilling pressure adjustment error), labor-intensive operation, inability to achieve remote or automated control, and it has gradually been replaced by other methods. 2. Pneumatic Control Pneumatic control uses compressed air as the power transmission medium. With the characteristics of "anti-pollution, resistance to high and low temperatures, and fast response", it has become the mainstream control method for onshore and offshore drilling rigs, especially suitable for control needs in harsh environments such as wellheads and mud pumps. Four Core Mechanisms and Their Functions Air Supply Mechanism: The power source of the control system, including air compressors, air reservoirs, and dryers, ensuring clean air supply and stable pressure. Command Issuance Mechanism: The command initiation end of the control system, directly operated by operators (e.g., pneumatic control handles for drawworks hoisting/lowering, buttons). When pressed or toggled, it issues control commands by changing the on/off state of the air circuit or the air pressure. Command Transmission Mechanism: The command transmission channel of the control system, including air pipelines, solenoid valves (controlling the on/off or commutation of the air circuit to realize electrical signal conversion), and pressure reducing valves (adjusting air pressure to meet the needs of different execution mechanisms). It accurately transmits commands from the command issuance mechanism to the execution mechanism. Execution Mechanism: The action execution end of the control system, which receives compressed air power and converts it into mechanical actions (e.g., cylinders, air motors, pneumatic control valves for adjusting mud pump displacement), ultimately realizing the start/stop, speed regulation, or commutation of equipment. Core Advantages Adaptability to Harsh Environments: Compressed air is non-conductive and non-flammable, immune to dust and oil/gas, less likely to freeze at low temperatures, and has a low failure rate. Fast Response Speed: The transmission delay of air pressure signals is less than 0.3 seconds, enabling rapid action in emergency working conditions (e.g., shutting down the mud pump in case of well kick) to ensure safety. Simple Structure and Easy Maintenance: No complex circuits or hydraulic oil pipelines; air pipelines and solenoid valves are easy to replace, resulting in low on-site maintenance costs. 3. Hydraulic Control Hydraulic control uses hydraulic oil as the transmission medium and drives the execution mechanism through hydraulic pressure, making it suitable for control scenarios with high load and large torque. Core Applications: Control of heavy-duty components of drilling rigs, such as blowout preventer (BOP) switching, top drive speed regulation, and braking and speed regulation of large drawworks. Advantages: Large torque transmission and high control precision. Disadvantages: Hydraulic oil is prone to contamination and requires regular filtration; its viscosity increases at low temperatures, which affects response speed; maintenance costs are higher than those of pneumatic control. 4. Electric Control Electric control uses electrical signals as the transmission medium and realizes control through motors, frequency converters, and PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). It is the core control method for intelligent drilling rigs. Core Applications: Precise parameter control (e.g., constant drilling pressure, constant speed), remote monitoring (e.g., onshore remote operation of offshore drilling rigs), and automated processes (e.g., automatic pipe connection). Advantages: High control precision, enabling data management and automation. Disadvantages: Relies on stable power supply; anti-short-circuit and anti-interference measures must be taken in humid and dusty environments; initial investment is relatively high. 5. Integrated Control Integrated control combines the advantages of two or more single control methods and is the mainstream choice for modern medium and large-sized drilling rigs (e.g., "pneumatic + hydraulic + electric control" combination). Typical Application: Pneumatic control is used for wellhead control (to adapt to oil and gas environments), hydraulic control for heavy-duty components (e.g., BOPs, to provide large thrust), and electric control for overall parameter regulation (to achieve precision and automation). The three are linked through PLC, ensuring safety and reliability while improving control precision and efficiency. Ⅱ. Core Value of the Control System Safety Guarantee: Whether it is the emergency shutdown of pneumatic control, the rapid shutdown of BOPs in hydraulic control, or the overload protection of electric control, the control system can quickly cut off risk sources in case of sudden failures (e.g., pipe sticking, well kick) to avoid equipment damage or safety accidents. Efficiency Improvement: Through precise control (e.g., constant speed regulation in electric control, top drive torque control in hydraulic control), manual operation errors are reduced, and bit wear and wellbore enlargement caused by parameter fluctuations are avoided, thereby improving drilling speed. The automated linkage of integrated control (e.g., coordination between pneumatic wellhead equipment and electric drawworks) can also shorten the time for tripping and pipe connection. Strong Adaptability: Different control methods can be adapted to different scenarios—pneumatic control for onshore remote oilfields (easy maintenance), integrated control for offshore drilling rigs (balancing safety and precision), and electric control for intelligent drilling rigs (automation needs), ensuring stable operation under various drilling conditions.  

The power equipment of a drilling rig is the core device that supplies energy to the entire drilling system. Currently, the mainstream power types are divided into two major categories: diesel engine power and electric power, while hybrid power mode is adopted in some complex scenarios. Ⅰ. Diesel Engine Power Diesel engines are the traditional mainstream power source for onshore drilling rigs. They output mechanical energy through diesel combustion, which is then distributed to various working units via the transmission system. Core Advantages Strong independence: It does not rely on an external power grid and can operate independently in off-grid scenarios such as wilderness and deserts, with wide adaptability. High power density: The single-unit power can reach 1000-3000 kW, which can meet the high-load requirements of deep wells and ultra-deep wells. Fast start-up speed: It can start and stop quickly under emergency conditions (such as well kick and pipe sticking), with a response time of less than 30 seconds, ensuring operation safety. Key Equipment Main diesel engine: Mostly V-type 12-cylinder / 16-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines, equipped with a turbocharging system to adapt to harsh environments such as high altitude and high temperature. Diesel generator set: Provides low-voltage power (e.g., for control systems, lighting, and mud treatment equipment) to the auxiliary systems of the drilling rig, and usually operates in linkage with the main diesel engine. Applicable Scenarios Onshore remote oilfields, desert / plateau drilling, workover operations, and other scenarios without stable power grid coverage. Ⅱ. Electric Power Electric power is the mainstream development direction of modern drilling rigs, replacing traditional diesel engines through the "power grid supply + motor drive" mode. Core Advantages Low energy consumption and low pollution: Compared with diesel engines, energy consumption is reduced by 15%-25%, and there is no exhaust emission, which complies with environmental regulations. It is suitable for environmentally sensitive areas such as offshore and urban suburbs. High control precision: Variable-frequency speed-regulating motors (e.g., permanent magnet synchronous motors, asynchronous motors) are adopted, which can realize precise adjustment of drilling parameters (such as weight on bit and rotational speed), improving wellbore quality. Low maintenance cost: The motor has a simple structure, without vulnerable parts such as pistons and valves of diesel engines. The annual maintenance cost is reduced by 30%-40%, and the service life is extended to 15-20 years. Key Equipment High-voltage frequency converter: Converts high-voltage electricity from the power grid into variable-frequency power supply to control motor speed, serving as the "control core" of the electric power system. Drive motor: Divided into rotary table motors (driving drill string rotation), mud pump motors (driving mud circulation), and hoisting motors (driving traveling block for tripping operations). The single-unit power ranges from 500-2000 kW, configured according to load requirements. Emergency generator set: A backup power source when the grid power is interrupted, mostly a combination of a small diesel engine and a generator, ensuring uninterrupted operation of key equipment such as blowout preventers and mud pumps. Applicable Scenarios Offshore drilling platforms, large drilling rigs in onshore areas covered by power grids, and drilling in environmentally sensitive areas (e.g., coastal areas, suburban areas). Ⅲ. Hybrid Power Hybrid power combines the advantages of diesel engine power and electric power. The common mode is "diesel engine + battery energy storage system", which is mainly used in scenarios with large load fluctuations (e.g., alternating operations of tripping and drilling). Working Principle During low-load drilling operations (e.g., tripping), the diesel engine drives the generator to charge the battery; during high-load operations (e.g., high-pressure circulation of mud pumps), the battery and diesel engine supply power together, reducing the load fluctuation of the diesel engine and lowering fuel consumption. Core Advantage Fuel consumption is reduced by 20%-30% compared with pure diesel engines, and wear caused by frequent start-stop of the diesel engine is reduced, extending the equipment service life. Applicable Scenarios Onshore deep well drilling, workover operations, and other scenarios with frequent load fluctuations. Ⅳ. Maintenance Points For Diesel Engine Power 1.Regularly check the engine oil level and diesel filter element to prevent nozzle wear caused by impurities. 2.Replace the engine oil and air filter element every 200 hours to prevent high-temperature carbon deposition from affecting power output. 3.In cold environments, use anti-freezing diesel and add antifreeze to the water tank. For Electric Power 1.Regularly clean the cooling fan of the frequency converter and motor windings to prevent overheating caused by dust. 2.Test the motor insulation resistance monthly to avoid short circuits due to moisture. 3.After grid power interruption, check the battery capacity of the emergency generator to ensure normal emergency response.

An oil drilling rig is a large-scale mechanical equipment used in oil and gas drilling operations. Its main function is to drive drilling tools to break underground rocks and drill wellbores, providing channels for subsequent exploitation and thereby realizing the exploration and development of oil and gas resources. Its core functions include hoisting and lowering drilling tools, rotary drilling, and circulating well cleaning. It is mainly composed of power machines, transmission mechanisms, working machines, and auxiliary equipment. Classified by operation scenarios, it can be divided into onshore oil drilling rigs and offshore oil drilling rigs, which are key infrastructure for ensuring global oil and gas supply. Core Component Systems A drilling rig consists of eight major systems: the hoisting system controls the lifting and lowering of drilling tools via drawworks and pulley blocks; the rotary system drives the drill bit to break rock formations; the circulation system uses high-pressure mud to remove cuttings; the power and transmission system provides power distribution; the control system coordinates equipment operation; the derrick and substructure provide support; and auxiliary equipment includes safety devices such as blowout preventers (BOP). Core components include the derrick, crown block, rotary table, and various types of drill bits. Top drive drilling rigs adopt top drive (power swivel) technology, which improves drilling efficiency and is suitable for deep well operations. During operation, mud pumps circulate mud to cool the drill bit, and braking mechanisms adjust drilling parameters. Ⅰ. Hoisting System The hoisting system is equipped to hoist and lower drilling tools, run casing, control weight on bit (WOB), and feed drilling tools. It includes the drawworks, auxiliary brakes, crown block, traveling block, hook, wire rope, and various tools such as elevator links, elevators, tongs, and slips. When hoisting, the drawworks drum winds the wire rope; the crown block and traveling block form a secondary pulley system. The hook rises to lift the drilling tools through tools like elevator links and elevators. When lowering, the drilling tools or casing string descends by its own weight, and the lowering speed of the hook is controlled by the drawworks' braking mechanism and auxiliary brakes. During normal drilling, the feed speed of the drilling tools is controlled by the braking mechanism, and a portion of the drilling tool weight is applied to the drill bit as WOB to break rock formations. Ⅱ. Rotary System The rotary system is a typical system of a rotary table drilling rig, whose role is to drive the drilling tools to rotate for breaking rock formations. It includes the rotary table, swivel, and drilling tools. The composition of drilling tools varies depending on the type of well being drilled; generally, it includes the kelly, drill pipe, drill collars, and drill bit, as well as stabilizers, shock absorbers, and adapter subs. Among them, the drill bit is the tool that directly breaks rock. Drill collars have high weight and wall thickness, used to apply WOB to the drill bit. Drill pipes connect surface equipment and downhole equipment and transmit torque. The kelly typically has a square cross-section; the rotary table drives the entire drill string and drill bit to rotate via the kelly. The swivel is a typical component of a rotary drilling rig: it not only bears the weight of the drilling tools but also enables rotational movement, while providing a channel for high-pressure mud. Ⅲ. Circulation System The rotary drilling rig is equipped with a circulation system to promptly carry cuttings broken by the downhole drill bit to the surface for continuous drilling, while cooling the drill bit, protecting the wellbore, and preventing drilling accidents such as wellbore collapse and lost circulation. The circulation system includes mud pumps, surface manifolds, mud tanks, and mud purification equipment. The surface manifolds include high-pressure manifolds, standpipes, and hose lines; the mud purification equipment includes shale shakers, desanders, desilters, and drilling mud centrifuges. The mud pump suctions mud from the mud tank; the mud, after being pressurized by the mud pump, flows through the high-pressure manifold, standpipe, and hose line, enters the swivel, and is lowered to the bottom of the well through the hollow drilling tools. It is ejected from the nozzles of the drill bit, then carries cuttings back to the surface through the annular space between the wellbore and the drilling tools. The mud returned from the bottom of the well passes through various levels of mud purification equipment to remove solid content, and then is reused. Ⅳ. Power Equipment The hoisting system, circulation system, and rotary system are the three major working units of the drilling rig, used to provide power. Their coordinated operation enables drilling operations. To supply power to these working units, the drilling rig needs to be equipped with power equipment. The power equipment of a drilling rig includes diesel engines, AC motors, and DC motors. Ⅴ. Transmission System The transmission system converts the force and motion provided by the power equipment, then transmits and distributes them to each working unit to meet the different power requirements of each unit. The transmission system generally includes a reduction mechanism, speed change mechanism, forward/reverse mechanism, and a coupling mechanism between multiple power machines. Ⅵ. Control System To ensure the coordinated operation of the three major working units of the drilling rig and meet the requirements of drilling technology, the drilling rig is equipped with a control system. Control methods include mechanical control, pneumatic control, electrical control, and hydraulic control. The commonly used control method on drilling rigs is centralized pneumatic control. The driller can complete almost all drilling rig controls through the driller's console on the rig, such as engaging/disengaging the main clutch; coupling multiple power machines; starting/stopping the drawworks, rotary table, and mud pumps; and controlling the high/low speed of the drawworks. Ⅶ. Derrick and Substructure The derrick and substructure are used to support and install various drilling equipment and tools, and provide a drilling operation site. The derrick is used to install the crown block, suspend the traveling block, hook, swivel, and drilling tools, bear drilling workloads, and stack stands. The substructure is used to install the power unit, drawworks, and rotary table, support the derrick, suspend the drilling tools via the rotary table, and provide height space between the rotary table and the ground for installing necessary BOPs and facilitating mud circulation. Ⅷ. Auxiliary Equipment To ensure the safety and normal progress of drilling, the drilling rig also includes other auxiliary equipment, such as a BOP stack for preventing blowouts, a generator set for providing lighting and auxiliary power for drilling, an air compression device for supplying compressed air, and water supply and oil supply equipment.  

Directional drilling technology is one of the most advanced drilling technologies in the global oil exploration and development field today. It relies on special downhole tools, measurement instruments, and process technologies to effectively control the wellbore trajectory, guiding the drill bit to reach the predetermined underground target along a specific direction. This technology breaks the limitation of vertical wells, which "can only develop resources directly below the wellhead". By adopting directional drilling technology, oil and gas resources restricted by surface or underground conditions can be developed economically and effectively, significantly increasing oil and gas production and reducing drilling costs. In essence, a directional well is a drilling method that guides the wellbore to reach the target formation along a pre-designed deviation angle and azimuth. There are three main types of its well profiles: (1) Two-section type: Vertical section + build-up section; (2) Three-section type: Vertical section + build-up section + tangent section; (3) Five-section type: Upper vertical section + build-up section + tangent section + drop-off section + lower vertical section A horizontal well is a type of directional well. Conventional oil wells penetrate the oil reservoir vertically or at a shallow angle, resulting in a short wellbore section passing through the reservoir. In contrast, after drilling vertically or at an angle to reach the oil reservoir, the wellbore of a horizontal well is turned to a near-horizontal direction to remain parallel to the oil reservoir, allowing long-distance drilling within the reservoir until completion. Equipped with high-strength heavy-weight drill pipes (HWDP) for horizontal sections and wear-resistant PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact) bits, the length of the reservoir-penetrating section can range from hundreds of meters to over 2,000 meters. This not only reduces the flow resistance of fluids entering the well but also increases production capacity several times compared to conventional vertical or deviated wells, facilitating enhanced oil recovery. Ⅰ. Application Scenarios 1. Overcoming Surface/Underground Obstacles Surface obstacles: When there are buildings, railways, lakes, or ecological protection zones above the reservoir, directional wells can be drilled outside these obstacles to reach the reservoir at an angle (e.g., development of oil and gas reservoirs around cities). Underground obstacles: When bypassing hazardous geological features such as underground caves, salt domes, and faults, shock-resistant and collapse-proof drill collars and high-pressure blowout preventers (BOP) are used in coordination to avoid drilling accidents like pipe sticking and blowouts. 2. Enhancing Production Capacity of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs Unconventional reservoirs such as shale gas and tight oil have "extremely low permeability". Vertical wells can only access a small area of the reservoir, leading to limited production capacity. However, horizontal wells traverse the reservoir horizontally over a distance of several hundred meters, increasing the contact area with the reservoir by dozens of times. The daily gas production of a single horizontal well can be 5 to 10 times that of a vertical well, making it a core technology for unconventional oil and gas development. 3. Reducing Development Costs Offshore oil and gas fields: Drilling a cluster of wells from a single offshore platform is far less costly than building a separate platform for each target, resulting in a 30% to 50% reduction in development costs. Mature oil fields: Through "sidETracking" of directional wells (drilling branches from the wellbore of an old well to develop remaining oil reservoirs in the surrounding area), there is no need to drill new vertical wells, significantly reducing investment. Ⅱ. Advantages and Disadvantages Compared with Vertical Wells Advantages 1.Strong resource coverage capability: It can develop offset reservoirs and scattered reservoirs that are inaccessible to vertical wells, improving the production efficiency of oil and gas reservoirs. 2.High single-well production capacity: Horizontal wells, in particular, greatly increase the contact area between the wellbore and the reservoir, offering significant advantages in the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. 3.Superior cost-effectiveness: Cluster wells and multi-lateral wells, supported by integrated drilling rigs and matched drilling equipment (such as top drives and mud pumps), reduce surface occupation and platform construction costs, making them suitable for offshore and intensive development scenarios. Disadvantages 1.High technical complexity: It requires professional directional drillers, rotary steerable systems (RSS), and MWD (Measurement While Drilling) equipment, resulting in a much higher technical threshold than vertical wells. 2.High costs: The investment in a single directional well is usually 20% to 50% higher than that of a vertical well of the same depth (due to increased costs of tools, equipment, and labor). 3.High risks: The complex trajectory leads to high circulating resistance of drilling fluid and increased difficulty in wellbore stability, resulting in a higher incidence of accidents such as pipe sticking and wellbore collapse compared to vertical wells. 4.Long construction cycle: Frequent trajectory adjustments and data measurements are required, leading to a 30% to 60% longer construction cycle than vertical wells of the same depth. Ⅲ. Conclusion In summary, directional drilling represents a milestone in the evolution of oil drilling from simple vertical development to complex and precise development. Currently, in global oil and gas resource development, the application proportion of directional wells has exceeded that of vertical wells, making it one of the core technologies for ensuring oil and gas supply.

The well control system of a drilling rig is a crucial device to ensure the safety of drilling operations. The following provides a detailed introduction to its various components: Ⅰ.Blowout Preventer (BOP) Stack Ram Blowout Preventer Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as the housing, ram assembly, side doors, piston rods, and hydraulic cylinders. The housing is the main body of the ram blowout preventer, inside which components like the ram assembly are installed. The ram assembly includes full-open rams and half-open rams, which are key components for achieving wellhead sealing. The side doors are used for installing and removing the ram assembly. The piston rods connect the ram assembly and the hydraulic cylinders, transmitting hydraulic pressure. The hydraulic cylinders provide the power to move the rams. Working Principle: When it is necessary to close the wellhead, the hydraulic system injects high-pressure oil into the hydraulic cylinders, pushing the piston rods to drive the rams to move horizontally. The rams then squeeze each other at the center of the wellhead to achieve the sealing of the wellhead. The full-open rams completely seal the wellhead when there is no drill string in the wellhead. The half-open rams, according to the size of the drill string, grip the drill string and seal the annular space when there is a drill string in the wellhead. Characteristics: It has a reliable sealing performance and can withstand a relatively high wellhead pressure. It is easy to operate, acts quickly, and can be remotely controlled. It has various types and specifications, which can adapt to different drilling working conditions and drill string combinations. Annular Blowout Preventer Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as the annular blowout preventer element, piston, housing, and top cover. The annular packing element is the core component of the annular blowout preventer, usually made of elastic materials such as rubber and has an annular structure. The piston is located below the element and closely cooperates with it. The housing supports the element and the piston and connects to the wellhead. The top cover is used to fix the element and seal the upper space. Working Principle: When hydraulic oil enters the hydraulic cylinder below the piston, it pushes the piston to move upward. The piston squeezes the element, causing the element to elastically deform, thereby gripping the drill string or sealing the wellhead annular space. When it is necessary to open the wellhead, the hydraulic system releases the hydraulic pressure, and the element returns to its original shape under its own elastic force, and the wellhead is opened. Characteristics: It can adapt to drill strings of different sizes and shapes, including kelly bars, drill pipes, and drill collars. It has a good sealing performance and allows the drill string to move up and down and rotate to a certain extent. However, it cannot withstand high pressure for a long time, and the element is prone to wear and needs to be replaced regularly. Rotating Blowout Preventer Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as the rotating assembly, rotating blowout preventer sealing element, housing, bearings, and hydraulic control system. The rotating assembly includes components such as the rotating shaft, rotating head, and connecting flanges, which are the components for the rotation of the drill string. The sealing element is used to seal the annular space between the drill string and the wellhead. The housing supports the rotating assembly and the sealing element and connects to the wellhead. The bearings are installed between the rotating shaft and the housing to ensure the smooth rotation of the rotating assembly. The hydraulic control system is used to control the gripping and releasing of the sealing element. Working Principle: During the drilling process, the drill string is connected to the rotating blowout preventer through the rotating assembly. When it is necessary to control the wellhead pressure, the hydraulic system provides pressure to the sealing element, causing the element to grip the drill string and achieve wellhead sealing. At the same time, the rotating assembly, supported by the bearings, can rotate along with the drill string to ensure the normal progress of the drilling operation. Characteristics: It allows the drill string to rotate and move up and down under pressure, improving the drilling efficiency. It has a reliable sealing performance and can withstand a certain wellhead pressure. However, its structure is complex, and the maintenance requirements are relatively high. Ⅱ.Choke Manifold and Kill Manifold Choke Manifold Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as choke valves, flat valves, pipelines, pressure gauges, and thermometers. The choke valve is the core component of the choke manifold, used to regulate the flow rate and pressure of the drilling fluid. The flat valve is used to control the opening and closing of the pipeline. The pipelines connect all the components to form the flow channel of the drilling fluid. The pressure gauges and thermometers are used to monitor the pressure and temperature of the drilling fluid in the choke manifold. Working Principle: In well control operations, by adjusting the opening degree of the choke valve, the flow area of the drilling fluid is changed, thereby controlling the flow rate of the drilling fluid and the wellhead backpressure. When the wellhead pressure rises, the opening degree of the choke valve is reduced to increase the wellhead backpressure, causing the bottomhole pressure to rise and balance the formation pressure. When the wellhead pressure drops, the opening degree of the choke valve is increased to reduce the wellhead backpressure and prevent the bottomhole pressure from being too high, which may lead to lost circulation. Characteristics: The choke valve has good throttling performance and adjustment accuracy, which can precisely control the flow rate and pressure of the drilling fluid. The flat valve has a good sealing performance and can withstand a relatively high pressure. The choke manifold has a variety of connection methods and specifications and can be selected according to different drilling equipment and working conditions. Kill Manifold Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as a kill pump, check valve, safety valve, pipelines, and pressure gauges. The kill pump is the core equipment of the kill manifold, used to pump the kill fluid into the well. The check valve prevents the backflow of the kill fluid. The safety valve is used to protect the kill manifold and wellhead equipment and prevent the pressure from being too high. The pipelines connect all the components to form the conveying channel of the kill fluid. The pressure gauges are used to monitor the pressure in the kill manifold. Working Principle: In the event of a kick or blowout, first, the wellhead blowout preventer is closed, and then the kill pump is started to pump the prepared kill fluid into the well through the kill manifold. The kill fluid mixes with the formation fluid in the well and gradually balances the formation pressure to restore the pressure balance in the well. During the kill operation, by adjusting the displacement and pressure of the kill pump and observing the readings of the pressure gauges, the safety and effectiveness of the kill operation are ensured. Characteristics: The kill pump has sufficient displacement and pressure to quickly pump the kill fluid into the well. The check valve and safety valve ensure the safety and reliability of the kill manifold. The pipelines of the kill manifold usually use high-strength and corrosion-resistant materials, which can withstand high pressure and harsh working environments. Ⅲ.Well Control Instruments Drilling Fluid Tank Level Monitor Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as sensors, transmitters, and display instruments. The sensors are installed in the drilling fluid tank and are used to measure the liquid level height. The transmitters convert the signals measured by the sensors into standard electrical or pneumatic signals. The display instruments are installed in the operation room or control console of the drilling platform and are used to display the numerical value and change situation of the liquid level height. Working Principle: The sensors measure the liquid level height in the drilling fluid tank through principles such as buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, and ultrasonic waves and transmit the measured signals to the transmitters. The transmitters convert the signals and then transmit them to the display instruments for display. When the liquid level height changes, the numerical value on the display instrument will also change accordingly. The operator can promptly determine whether abnormal situations such as kick or lost circulation occur in the well according to the rise and fall of the liquid level. Characteristics: It has high measurement accuracy and can accurately measure small changes in the liquid level height. It has a fast response speed and can promptly reflect the dynamic changes of the liquid level. It has a variety of measurement methods and signal output forms and can adapt to different structures of the drilling fluid tank and control systems. Standpipe Pressure Sensor Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as a pressure-sensitive element, signal conversion circuit, and housing. The pressure-sensitive element usually uses materials such as strain gauges and piezoelectric crystals and is used to sense the pressure of the drilling fluid in the standpipe. The signal conversion circuit converts the weak electrical signals generated by the pressure-sensitive element into standard electrical signals. The housing protects the pressure-sensitive element and the signal conversion circuit from interference and damage by the external environment. Working Principle: When the pressure of the drilling fluid in the standpipe acts on the pressure-sensitive element, the pressure-sensitive element deforms, causing changes in its parameters such as resistance or capacitance. The signal conversion circuit converts these parameter changes into electrical signals and transmits them to the instrument control system of the drilling platform through cables. The instrument control system processes and displays the received electrical signals. The operator can judge the change trend of the bottomhole pressure according to the change situation of the standpipe pressure and promptly adjust the drilling parameters and take well control measures. Characteristics: It has high measurement accuracy and can accurately reflect the changes in the pressure of the drilling fluid in the standpipe. It has good stability and can work stably for a long time in harsh working environments. It has good anti-interference ability and can avoid the influence of factors such as electromagnetic interference on the measurement results. Casing Pressure Sensor Structure: Similar to the standpipe pressure sensor, it is mainly composed of components such as a pressure-sensitive element, signal conversion circuit, and housing. The pressure-sensitive element is installed on the wellhead casing and directly senses the pressure in the casing. The signal conversion circuit converts the pressure signal into an electrical signal. The housing protects the pressure-sensitive element and the signal conversion circuit. Working Principle: When the pressure in the casing changes, the pressure-sensitive element senses the pressure change and generates corresponding electrical signal changes. The signal conversion circuit converts these changes into standard electrical signals and transmits them to the instrument control system of the drilling platform through cables. The instrument control system processes and displays the signals. The operator can judge the size of the wellhead backpressure and the relationship between the bottomhole pressure and the formation pressure according to the change situation of the casing pressure, providing an important basis for well control operations. Characteristics: It has high measurement accuracy and reliability and can accurately measure the pressure changes in the casing. It is easy to install and can be directly installed on the wellhead casing. It has good sealing performance to prevent the fluid in the casing from leaking. Ⅳ.Control System Hydraulic Control System Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as a hydraulic station, control pipelines, directional control valves, relief valves, and accumulators. The hydraulic station includes components such as an oil pump, motor, oil tank, and filter, which are used to provide hydraulic power. The control pipelines connect the hydraulic station with devices such as the blowout preventer stack, choke manifold, and kill manifold to transmit hydraulic oil. The directional control valves are used to control the flow direction of the hydraulic oil to achieve the action control of each device. The relief valves are used to regulate the system pressure and prevent the pressure from being too high. The accumulators are used to store hydraulic energy and provide additional power for the system in case of an emergency. Working Principle: The motor drives the oil pump to extract hydraulic oil from the oil tank, pressurizes it, and then transports it to each hydraulic device through the control pipelines. When it is necessary to control the action of a certain device, by operating the directional control valve, the flow direction of the hydraulic oil is changed, and the hydraulic oil enters the hydraulic cylinder of the corresponding device, pushing the piston to move and realizing the opening or closing of the device. The relief valve automatically adjusts the flow rate of the hydraulic oil according to the system pressure to maintain the system pressure stable. When the system pressure drops, the accumulator releases the stored hydraulic energy to supplement the system pressure and ensure the normal action of the device. Characteristics: The hydraulic control system has the advantages of fast response speed, high control accuracy, and large output force, and can quickly and accurately control the actions of the well control devices. It has good reliability and stability and can work stably for a long time in harsh working environments. Redundant design and safety protection measures are adopted, which improve the safety and fault tolerance of the system. Remote Control Console Structure: It is mainly composed of components such as the console body, display screen, operation buttons, control circuit, and power supply system. The console body is the core component of the remote control console, inside which the control circuit and various electronic components are installed. The display screen is used to display the status information of the well control devices, pressure data, etc. The operation buttons are used to remotely control the actions of the well control devices. The control circuit controls the actions of the hydraulic control system or other actuators according to the operation instructions of the operator. The power supply system provides power support for the remote control console and is usually equipped with a backup power supply, such as a battery pack. Working Principle: The operator issues control instructions by operating the buttons on the remote control console. The control circuit converts the instructions into electrical signals and transmits them to the hydraulic control system or other actuators through cables or wireless communication methods. The hydraulic control system controls the actions of the well control devices according to the received signals. At the same time, the status information and pressure data of the well control devices are collected by sensors and transmitted to the display screen of the remote control console for the operator to monitor in real time. In case of an emergency, the backup power supply is automatically put into use to ensure the normal operation of the remote control console. Characteristics: The remote control console realizes the remote operation and monitoring of the well control devices, improving the safety and convenience of well control operations. It has a good human-machine interaction interface, and the operation is simple and intuitive. It has the function of data recording and storage and can record and analyze the data during the well control operation process, providing a basis for subsequent accident investigation and handling.